Sunday, January 26, 2020
History of Hollywood
History of Hollywood Hollywood cinema is the most popular in the world.Ãâà Hollywood has a significant influence on the cinema of other countries, its no secret that it was Hollywood movies set in the fashion of many genres of film.Ãâà They are decisive in the choice of subject, and in the selection of an ensemble of actors, and in creating the image of the film for an advertising campaign.Ãâà Today this industry still dictates fashion for movies, every year it produces thousands of films. And that is something! The old studio system in Hollywood combined the production of films, their rent and a network of cinemas.Ãâà This system, which allowed major U.S. companies to win national and international markets, known as the Golden Age of Hollywood. Film production has two main components: the producer and his film crew and services.Ãâà Many of the major studios of the world combine these processes under one roof: for example the famous Seven studious in Hollywood Fox, Universal, Paramount, Sony, Disney, Warner, MGM.Ãâà Other studios offer only services and rent out their premises for lease without their own production and distribution: for example the famous Hollywood studio Raleigh.Ãâà All those and others, regardless of whether they run in the production of their own products or not, have one thing in common the perfect industrial base.Ãâà History of creation of cinema industry in the USA and Creation of Hollywood The creation of cinema is considered to be the date of the first public display of film of brothers Louis and Auguste Lumiere, on December 28, 1895. Ãâà At that time Lumià ¨re brothers showed only their moving pictures in Paris Grand Cafe, and in the U.S. film industry was already a dynamic industry of entertainment.Ãâà Thomas Alva Edison in 1891, presented his movie-making camera and peep show the device that projected moving image onto the screen.Ãâà However, the screen size was slightly larger than a matchbox, but for a minute audience could see a moving picture.Ãâà Two years later, William Ãâà Dickson, Edisons assistant, built first studio and began to make films that appear in cinema salons. Unexpectedly peep show became very popular, maybe because it created the illusion of a long trip or visiting the theater, where different comedies or entertaining stories were shown.Ãâà From the invention of the Lumiere brothers, peeps differed only by one thi ng the lack of a large screen, that was corrected by Edison in April 1896.Ãâà Since then, the U.S. salons became real cinemas. Why the cinema was so popular in the United States?Ãâà In Europe films and cinema were entertainment for more or less wealthy people, and in America they immediately became available to the mass public. In 1908, Edison subjected to himself all firms that used while film production and distribution his proprietary equipment.Ãâà Everyone who wanted to work in the field of cinematography, was supposed to make a charge, otherwise he threatened to prosecute.Ãâà To escape from the agents of Edison, William H. Zelig shifted production of his films from Chicago to California, opening Hollywood studio.Ãâà So did also Carl Lemmle, who moved his company from the capital of cinema New York to the West Coast. ( Bowser,Ãâà 1990, p. 160.) Cinema came in Hollywood in the person of Colonel William H. Zelinga, who in the beginning of XX century bought the piece of land in Wilcoxs area for a branch of his Chicago production company. He acted entirely on legal rights he had an official license for the survey equipment and rolling copying movies.Ãâà However, in 1907 in America broke the so-called patent war, the essence of which were disputes about the ownership of projection equipment.Ãâà After that, the municipality of Los Angeles forbidden to open in the city and its environs nickelodeons (semi-underground cinema, at the entrance to which was taken a charge of five cents, in English Ni, and Odeon is a theater, where the stolen movies were shown on unlicensed equipment). InterestÃâà to the cinema in America evolved in parallel with great colonization process of the country with people all over the world, who were the potential audience. For example, in 1907 only from Europe to America came to 1,285,000 people, who gave a new and strong impetus to the development of cinema. In addition, it were immigrants who became founders of the countrys largest movie studios: Adolf Tsukor (HungaryÃâà ), who began his career as an apprentice at the furriers, founded Ãâà «ParamountÃâà »; Charles Lemley (Germany) founded the Ãâà «UniversalÃâà », Warner Brothers (Poland) founded the Ãâà «Warner BrosersÃâà », Louis B. Mayer (Ãâà Russia, Belarus) founded Ãâà «Metro-Goldwin-MayerÃâà ». (Scott, 2005) HOLLYWOOD -is a district in Los Angeles, California, located in northwest of downtown Los Angeles.Ãâà It is famous as the historical center of movie studios and movie stars.Ãâà The first studio in Hollywood was founded by Centaur Company, located in New Jersey, that wanted to shoot westerns in California.Ãâà They rented an abandoned roadside diner at 6121 Sunset Boulevard at the corner of Gower-street, and turned it into the studio in October 1911, calling it Studio Nestor in honor of the western branch of the company.Ãâà Later the building became film lab in Hollywood, which is now calledÃâà « Hollywood Digital Laboratory Ãâà ».Ãâà ( Bowser, 1990) The first feature film made in the studio Hollywood, in 1914, was the film an Indian husband, created by Cecil B. DeMille and Oscar Apfel.Ãâà Feature films, made in Los Angeles before Indian Husband were the films From Dusk Till Dawn (1913) and Sea Wolf (1913). (Bowser,Ãâà 1990, p. 160.) Hollywood had a lot of advantages: there was a lot of sun, spread out around the magnificent scenery mountains, valleys, islands, lakes, beaches, deserts, forests where it was possible to recreate any character that comes on the planet.Ãâà The land here is cheap cost, around there were numerous labor for construction and maintenance of studios.Ãâà By 1915 it was concentrated 60% of American filmmaking, and for the next five years, an system of film studios, which allowed Hollywood to become a cinema capital of the world.Ãâà The word Hollywood is often used as the word movie in the United States.Ãâà Alias refers to Tinseltown shiny surface typical of Hollywood and the film industry.Ãâà Currently, most of the industry dispersed in nearby cities such as Burbank and the Los Angeles Westside, but such auxiliary industries like editing, effects, props, post-production and lighting companies, remain in Hollywood, as well as for location filming inÃâà Paramount Pictures. In 1911 the company Nestor Company opened in Hollywood at the corner of Sunset Boulevard and the streets Gouner first studio.Ãâà By 1920 years in Hollywood studios have opened such as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount Pictures, Warner Brothers, Twentieth Century Fox, and Hollywood became the center of American cinema.Ãâà The growing film industry require appropriate infrastructure.Ãâà In Hollywood, they built homes for many film companies, employees, opened a lot of banks, restaurants, clubs, cinemas.Ãâà After World War II look of Hollywood once again changed.Ãâà Although most studios were in the Hollywood, many movie stars and show business have moved to Beverly Hills, was followed by fashionable restaurants and shops. Many historic Hollywood theaters are used as places of filmmaking and concert venues in major theatrical releases and prime of the Academy of Awards.Ãâà Very often the notion of American Cinema and Hollywood unite.Ãâà And this is a big mistake. American cinema it is not only a huge Hollywood film industry, but also developed a system of independent cinema.Ãâà This film, produced by enthusiasts without the intervention of major film companies, which they simply do not support.Ãâà On the one hand, this means smaller budgets, on the other hand less pressure on the directors.Ãâà This film is usually not rich, because the producers of film-makers have to look for themselves (and often have to invest and own money).However, in the U.S. independent film is quite popular.Ãâà In addition, it also earned worldwide recognition, not just winning on the international kinokonkursah and festivals, and has yielded a number of major contemporary authors.Ãâà Prominent representatives of the modern independent American cinema are Woody Allen, John Malkovich, Michael Moore, Jim Jarmusch, David Lynch, Joel and Ethan Coen. Filmmaking in Hollywood from the era of silent cinema to the Golden Age of Hollywood Hollywood began his fame in the era of silent films.Ãâà Although the films of that era were shown without sound, talented directors and artists had made them a highly entertaining spectacle.Ãâà Films made during the silent movies era in Hollywood are among the greatest masterpieces in cinema history.Ãâà Although the directors of silent films often resorted to using titles that told the audience important information, yet the main stake was done on the visual images, not only on the development of the plot, but also in the transfer of thoughts and feelings of characters.Ãâà Of course, the audience needed time to understand the language of the Great Silent, butÃâà soon it became really successful. (Koszarski, 1990) Creation of feature films in 1920 was very difficult. While the system of studios offered little opportunity for expressions of artists, it nevertheless had generated a lot of talented filmmakers.Ãâà Some of them, such as John Ford or King Vidor, had taken a prominent place in the history, others, like James Cruz, Rex Ingram, Lewis Weber and Fred Niblo, were forgotten. (Koszarski, 1990) With the advent of sound cinema, filmmaking began to flourish.Ãâà The success was so deafening that Hollywood had entered a period of greatest prosperity, when its perfectly executed masterpieces helped the audience in the world at least temporarily forgot emotion of that troubled era. Indeed, the silent cinema was never completely silent.Ãâà Even the first film screenings were held with the accompaniment of a pianist.Ãâà By 1920s, many cinema had their own organs, machines of sound and even orchestras.Ãâà In Hollywood, directors were in no hurry to spend huge money on renovations of theirs studios and movie theaters, fearing that talking films could just be a passing fad. (Koszarski, 1990) But by the mid 1920s the company, Warner Brothers, was facing severe financial difficulties, and it was necessary to somehow attract the audience.Ãâà In 1926 the studio released the film Don Juan a costume film with sound and orchestral music recorded by the system Vitafon.Ãâà But finally the era of silent films ended only in October 1927, when the film The Jazz Singer with Al Jolson in the leading role was released. The transition to sound film was so expensive that Hollywood was forced to seek sources of funding to apply to banks and other business institutions.Ãâà In return, some of them, expressing the views of various religious organizations demanded that the film studios to avoid sensitive topics.Ãâà As a result, in 1934, Hollywood had to take a set of rules, known as the Production Code: according to this code, in Hollywood movies were not allowed criticism of any religious believes, surgery, drug use, drunkenness, and cruelty to children or animals.Ãâà The use of curses, even the most innocuous, is also forbidden.Ãâà It was impossible to show details of robberies and acts of violence, to discourage violations of law, and criminals were not allowed to kill police officers.Ãâà Stringent restrictions are imposed on everything that was related to sex.Ãâà Nude actors on the screen, showing same-sex and interracial love affairs and even passionate kissing was stric tly prohibited. When Hollywood began producing its sound pictures, it quickly regained its reputation as the director of best film production, which made it the capital of world cinema in the era of silent films.Ãâà 1930-1945 years were the golden age of Hollywood.Ãâà Its studios during this time brought into the world 7500 full-length films.Ãâà Most of them were black and white, but since 1935 were coming out more and more films made with the use of Technicolor. (Scott, 2005) Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà The system of studios remained virtually unchanged, although the organization was similar studios, each of them has developed his own special style. The largest of the studios Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer asserted that it had more stars than the sky.Ãâà It specialized on bright and cheerful family pictures. Production Company Paramount felt strong influence of European cinema.Ãâà Many of its films delt with topics of wealth, power and human passions. The company United Artists didnt made own films, but engaged rental tapes of independent producers, such as Samuel Goldwyn and David O. Selznick. (Scott, 2005) The company Warner Brothers had never been rich, but still managed to release a number of popular gangster movies, social films and musicals. XX Century Fox also filmed musicals, westerns and historical pictures, but with very modest budget. The Company Universal had no equal in the era of silent films, but with the advent of sound had to go to the staging of cheap game tapes, mostly horror films. Ãâà Columbia was in great distress that survived only by borrowing stars and directors for its most important films from other studios. In the center of each film were of course the stars, although much attention was paid to the quality of the script, as well as costumes, sets and lighting.Ãâà Nevertheless, the astronomical fees of stars were in the past, moreover, now they were all involved with very stringent contracts with one or another studio.Ãâà The actor, who refused from the proposed role, was threatening suspension from work or the loan of another movie company. In late 1930 the lives of ordinary Americans were not easy: in the era of the Great Depression even the biggest studios with difficulty managed to attract audience in cinema halls. One way of attracting of the public was the practice of double sessions.Ãâà Now the film A the main full-time film was accompanied by a less expensive film B within a single session.Ãâà Many films of Class B were produced by small cinema companies, which were nicknamed the fraternity of beggars. Ãâà The most fortunate of them were of Republic and Monogram, that produced practically more than 40 films a year: they were mostly westerns, adventure films and thrillers. 1946 was for Hollywoods biggest studios the year of greatest success in its history.Ãâà However, a few months later, it plunged into the deepest crisis caused by the need to reorganize the system of film studios, the changes in audience preferences, as well as government investigation which went down in history as the Hollywood witch hunt. (Scott, 2005) The foundation of the major Hollywood studios and their influence and dominance in the American filmmaking processes Paramount History of Ãâà «Paramount PicturesÃâà » began in May 1912.Ãâà The companys founder and one of the first producers Adolph Zukor saw that the existing cinemas attract mostly migrants from the working class, so together with partners Daniel Frohman Charles Frohman, he decided to open the first cinema showing art films, which will focus on the middle class due to the factÃâà that the pictures will be removed leading actors of that time.Ãâà In the same year another producer Jesse Louis Lasky opened Ãâà «Lasky Feature Play CompanyÃâà ». As the first employee company Lasky took on the work a theater director Cecil B. De Mille, who had at that time no experience in cinema.Ãâà Since 1914, the company Lasky and the studio Ãâà «Famous PlayersÃâà » mandated distribution of the pictures of the new company Paramount Pictures Ãâà », that was founded earlier, in the 1914by the owner of several theaters in Utah William Wadsworth Hodkinson, who had bou ght and merged a few smaller firms. (Scott, 2005) Soon Ãâà «Paramount Pictures Ãâà » became the first successful film studio in the country. Until then, movies were distributed onlyÃâà in the territory of one state or region that was not effective. One of the first slogans of the company was the motto Ãâà «Famous Players in Famous PlaysÃâà ».Ãâà The company was signing contracts and raised many stars, like Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, Gloria Swanson, Rudolph Valentino and Wallace Reid.Ãâà With the arsenal of the stars Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » was unable to introduce such a thing as a Ãâà «block bookingÃâà », which meant that if the cinema owner wishes to buy a film with good actors, it had to purchase another smaller films of Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » for rental throughout the year .Ãâà Such a system of relationships could, on the one hand, make Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » a leader in this position in the 20-30s, but on the other to allow the Government to prosecute the company on the basis of competition law for more than 20 years. During the 20-ies ofÃâà the last century, Zukor managed to built a huge theatrical network of more than 200 screens, driving two filmmaking studios and became one of the first investors in the radio, getting a 50% stake in a newly created in 1928 Ãâà «Columbia Broadcasting SystemÃâà ».Ãâà By purchasing in 1926 a thriving cinema network Ãâà «Balaban KatzÃâà », he hired Barney Balaban, who became president of Ãâà «ParamountÃâà », and Sam Katz, who ruled the cinema circuit Ãâà «Paramount-PublixÃâà ».Ãâà Zukor also hired independent producer BP Schulberg who was managing the studio Ãâà «West CoastÃâà ».Ãâà (Scott, 2005) Ãâà In 1927 the company Ãâà «Famous Players-LaskyÃâà » changed its name to Ãâà «Paramount-Famous Lasky CorporationÃâà », and three years later, taking into account the importance of cinema Ãâà «PublixÃâà », was renamed to Ãâà «Paramount-Publix CorporationÃâà ».(Scott, 2005) As before, the film company Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » continued to focus on the stars: in the 20-iesÃâà they were Gloria Swanson, Rudolph Valentino.Ãâà By 30s of theÃâà last century many new talents appeared: Marlene Dietrich, Mae West, Gary Cooper, Claudette Colbert, the Marx Brothers, Dorothy Lamour, Carole Lombard, Bing Crosby, the famous Argentine tango dancer Carlos Gardel and many others.Ãâà At this time Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » really was called a factory of the production of film, which produced 60-70 films in a year.Ãâà thesewere the benefits of a huge network of cinemas and the previously mentioned system of Ãâà «block bookingÃâà ». Multiplication unit of the Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » also had great success, thanks to two main characters: sailor Pop and Betty Boop.Ãâà Studio Ãâà «Fleischer StudiosÃâà » produced cartoons with both heroes right up until 1942, when Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » reorganized the company, made it Ãâà «Famous StudiosÃâà », and gained control over the cartoons. In 1940 Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » agreed with the government decision to terminate the systems of Ãâà «block bookingÃâà » and Ãâà «pre-sellingÃâà » (practice of collecting money in advance for the rental of films, which are still in the stage production).Ãâà Although a similar action in the company has been a serious reduction in production costs, nodding the bar from 60 to more moderate 20 films a year. However, with new stars Bob Hope, Alan Ladd, Veronica Lake, Paulette Goddard and Betty Hutton and an astronomical number ofÃâà the movie in time of war, Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » and other companies, who owned a combination of studio-theater, earned more than they had ever before. That is why the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Justice Department decided to reopen the case against five companies owning such a combination.Ãâà All this eventually led in 1948 to the U.S. Supreme Court decision that brought an end to the classical Hollywood studios system. Company Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » was divided in two: Ãâà «Paramount Pictures CorporationÃâà » was still involved in film production, including those intended for display in the 1500-screen cinemas. Company Ãâà «Paramount PicturesÃâà » was among the first followers of television in 1939, running in Los Angeles an experimental television station, later known as Ãâà «KTLAÃâà », and station Ãâà «WBBM-TVÃâà » in Chicago. The company also invested in innovative DuMont LaboratoriesÃâà and DuMont Television Network. However, due to aggravation of anti-trust control by the state after 1948 Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » limited participation in the television network, and Ãâà «DuMontÃâà » in the mid-50s of the last century ceased to exist. Animation and production of short films Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » came into the possession of various television producers, who are mostly cartoons and shows acquired by Ãâà «UM M.Ãâà T.V.Ãâà Corp. Ãâà ».Animation about Popayà ¡n were sold Ãâà «Associated Artists ProductionsÃâà », Ãâà «SupermanÃâà » Ãâà «Motion Pictures for TelevisionÃâà », while the remaining cartoons were sold to the company Ãâà «Harvey ComicsÃâà ». In the beginning of the 1960s the future of Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » was a question: a risky movie business was not successful, cinema network was in the past, investments in Ãâà «DuMontÃâà » and play TV turned to nothing. Despite tough times, Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » released commercially successful pictures such as Ãâà «The Odd CoupleÃâà » (1968), Love Story (1970), Rosemarys Baby (1968) and Chinatown. (Scott, 2005) In the 80-90-s.Ãâà of the last century, the successful promotion of Paramount Pictures in the field of light movie was even more intensive producing such hits as Flashdance (1983), Friday the 13th, Raiders of the LostÃâà Ark (1981) and its sequel Beverly Hills COPÃâà » (1984), and of course film series with comedian Eddie Murphy and films series of Star Trek.Ãâà Despite the fact that special attention was paid to commercial cinema, from time to time serious dramatic film were made, like Atlantic City (1980) and Forrest Gump (1994).Ãâà At the same time in the collection of films Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » more than usually degree began to appear remakes and television tapes based on the movies.Ãâà Although sometimes they have been commercially successful, yet the studio had produced very few films of the same level which once made a Paramount Pictures a leader in the production of movies. In 2005 Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » announced the acquisition of the company Ãâà «DreamWorksÃâà » for 1,6 billion U.S. dollars. This agreement did not include the unit DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc., which is the most profitable part of the company DreamWorks. However, Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » got the right to hire and distribution of profitable animated pictures Ãâà «DreamWorksÃâà », which include Shrek Franchise. The American company engaged in the manufacture and distribution of film production, Paramount Pictures Corporation is now located in Hollywood and now this company is the oldest American film studio. The place where it is now- is the historical centre of cinema production, and for many visitors with a newly renovated studio Ãâà «ParamountÃâà » embodies Hollywood, and the tour tothe studio attracts a large number of guests. Universal Studios Universal Studios (Universal Pictures) is the second largest Hollywood studios, a subsidiary of NBC Universal and is included in more than a dozen studios in the world. Universal was founded on the base of one of its predecessors Yankee Film Company (1909).Ãâà Founder of Universal are Carl Lemley, and Abe and Julius Stern. In 1908 Thomas Edison created Motion Pictures Trust, which collected payments from all aspects of the film business from production to the show because he owned a patent for an electric motor used in cameras and a film projector, and a monopoly on distribution.Ãâà Lemly and other theater owners saw the way in getting rid of Edisons monopoly in the production of original films, which led to the fact that Lemley with partners in June 1909, created a Yankee Film Company.Ãâà Soon, the company has become a Independent Moving Pictures Company, and from 8 June 1912, it became known as Universal Film Manufacturing Co.Ãâà Ãâà The main areas of activity were Universal film production and distribution. Very important for the development and success of the company was commemoration in the titles the names of the actors, that allowed the company to sign contracts with many famous artists of that time.Ãâà In addition, it helped to create the so-called star system a system of stars.Ãâà Thus, in 1910, Lemley is actively promoted Florence Lawrence, until the well-known as Biograph Girl, what can be considered the first ever case of name actor in the marketing companys film studio.Ãâà In 1915, Lemley has opened the worlds largest film studios Universal City Studios , that had an area of 0.9 kmÃâà ² on the Cahuenga Pass near Hollywood.Ãâà Management Studio was a third area of activity of the company. In 1926, Universal opened a studio in Germany Deutsche Univarsal-Film AG, which was headed by Joe Pasternak.Ãâà Until 1936, the unit produced 3-4 films a year, but under pressure of the growing influence of Hitler in Europe, it had to migrate first to Austria and then to Hungary.Ãâà With the advent of sound in cinema, this studio was to make films in German, Hungarian and Polish languages.Ãâà Universal did not not showed these films in the U.S., but they still fall into the American Rental efforts of independent distributors.Ãâà Then the studio made such famous films as: Show Boat (1929) , a rich musical Broadway with the first color scenes, The King of Jazz (1930) and On the Western Front, which brought the studio an OscarÃâà for the best film of 1930.Ãâà Also was made a series of films about monsters Universal Horror films this is Frankenstein, Dracula and The Mummy. (Scott, 2005) By the beginning of the Second World studio retured to its recent specialization: Romance, cheap western and classic horror sequel to the studio.Ãâà In 1950, the companys agent, Lew Wasserman, MCA and Universal Studios produced a veritable revolution in the American movie business: Wasserman signed the contract with the studio, under which his client the great James Stewart receives no fee, and the portion of the profits from the rental of 3 films with his participation,Ãâà which were supposed to withdraw to Universal.Ãâà When one of those films Winchester 73 became a mega hit rolled, Stewart became the first truly rich American actor.Ãâà Soon this form of payment for the actors work was firmly established in the practice of American and international film business.Ãâà In the late 50-ies of XX century studio, and the whole movie business in general, was undergoing yet another difficult period associated with the development of television.Ãâà The company MCA, which was the actors agency, became a powerful television producer, and in 1958 for $ 11 million acquired Universal Pictures with its studio area of 1.5 km2.Ãâà Although formally Universal remained independent producer, the effect of MCA on the nature of film removed at the studio was very significant.Ãâà However, MCA not only significantly upgraded the capacity of the studio, but signed for Universal contracts with such prominent actors like Doris Day, Lana Turner and Cary Grant. In the 70 years of the last century, despite the fact that the studios made such hits as Airport, The Sting, American Graffiti, Jaws, ET, Back to the Future and Jurassic ParkÃâà period, the main magic wand for the studio were films made for television.Ãâà In the early 70s Universal combined its efforts on the world distribution of his films with Paramount Pictures, but in 1981 they have been joined by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer: so there appeared a company United International Pictures, which since 1997 also distributed films of Dreamworks.Ãâà (Scott, 2005) In the 90 years Universal had repeatedly changed owners, that led to the creation of one of the largest U.S. and global media conglomerates NBC Universal. Warner Brothers The American company, which is one of the largest producers of film and television entertainment. Warner Bros.Ãâà includes several subsidiary companies, including Warner Bros.Ãâà Studios, Warner Bros.Ãâà Pictures, Warner Bros.Ãâà Television, Warner Bros.Ãâà Animation, Warner Home Video, DC Comics and The CW Television Network. The company is named in honor of the four Warner brothers who founded in 1904 the Duquesne Amusement Supply Company (the precursor to Warner Bros.), which distribute films.Ãâà For several years, the territory in which they worked for the company, expanded to include a four-state area.Ãâà By the beginning of the First World War the brothers began producing films, and in 1918 opened a studio Warner Bros.Ãâà Studio, situated on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood.Ãâà Sam and Jack Warner produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert were engaged in finance in New York.Ãâà In 1923 they formally merged into a corporation Warner Bros.Ãâà Pictures, Inc.Ãâà The company prospered, allowing the brothers in 1924 to get a loan on Wall Street.Ãâà This money was acquired by Vitagraph Company, which had a nationwide distribution network, and bought several radio stations and built new theaters. In the 1920s company began to actively develop the film with sound and in 1926 began producing films with sound and sound effects.Ãâà In 1927 it released the film The Jazz Singer with dialogue, and the film became a sensation, and inaugurated an era of talking pictures.Ãâà In 1928 the company acquired one of the largest networks of cinemas Stanley Company. Later, in 1929, the brothers acquired its main rival First National Pictures.Ãâà The court allowed the two companies merge under the name Warner, provided that prior to 1938 the brothers will be releasing several films a year under the name First National Pictures.Ãâà In 1928 the brothers released in theaters now Lights of New York (born Lights of New York) with a full sound track.Ãâà Since then, the entire film industry finally turned to movies with sound: by the end of 1929 all the major studios released only sound films.Ãâà In 1929 Warner Bros.Ãâà released their first full-color film Ãâà «On with the ShowÃâà ».Ãâà The second color film Gold Diggers of Broadway, that had become so popular that was shown in cinemas for over ten years- thus began the era of color film.Ãâà In the period from 1929 to 1931, Warner released a set of color films (Sally, Bright Lights, Song of the flame, Song of the West, Under the moon of Texas and others).Ãâà Most of them were musicals, and audience quickly got tired of them, so the studio had to withdraw from this genre.Ãâà Under the guidance of Darryl Zanuck in the 1930 studio famed for its gangster movie, and then to melodrama.Ãâà Around 1934 the company has problems with the censors, so it switched to making of historical films. In 1930 it established an independent company Warners cartoon, under the direction of Leon Schlesinger cartoon creation.Ãâà In 1931, it established a new series of cartoons Looney Tunes humorous sketches with a jazz soundtrack.Ãâà In 1933, new artists came to the studio (Jack King, Freeze Freeling et al), who produced the famous Buddy (born Buddy).Ãâà Studio has acquired a recognizable style that made its work extremely popular.Ãâà Among them were rabbit Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck. During the Second World War studio became very rich thanks to increased demand for movies. In these years the company opened a lot of actors who were celebrities: Joan Crawford, Doris Day, etc.Ãâà (Scott, 2005) In January 5, 1948 Warner Bros.Ãâà released the first color newsreel, the Night of Roses Parade, that was a significant contribution to the development of the cinema.Ãâà In 1948 the Supreme Court of the United States, considering the antitrust disputes, issued a decision that made Warner Bros.Ãâà and four other major film companies of the country separate from the film industry of their networks cinemas.Ãâà Without the possibility of wide translating, there was no longer need to produce 30 films a year, so the brothers began to turn their production and ultimately sold the company to bank syndicate. For some time the company was engaged in adaptation of the popular plays, as well as a very good showing in creating a television series (individualist and others).Ãâà In 1958 began its work the record company Warner Bros.Ãâà Records, but
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Corruption in Lord of the Flies
Corruption William Gilding's book, The Lord of the Flies, shows us how seclusion from society can lead to changes in behavior and create savages out of us. For example, in the book, British school boys get trapped on a deserted island and have to fight tort their survival. The boys become corrupt due to the lack of leadership and lack of a rule system. Conflict arises over who will be proclaimed chief, the boy's priorities get mixed up, and the thirst to kill comes alive inside of them.In the beginning of the book, when Ralph gets elected leader, it becomes obvious that there Is going to be conflict between Ralph and Jack throughout the story. After Ralph gets crowned chief. Jack shows humiliation and anger towards everyone because he feels as though he should have been named leader due to the fact that he is the choir leader. He tells Ralph, ââ¬Å"I ought to be chief because I'm chapter chorister and head boyâ⬠(22). At one point in the story, a meeting Is called on the island because Jack is starting his own group.He tells the kids, ââ¬Å"my hunters will protect you from the beast, who will Join meâ⬠(1 50)? Jack wants to create a separate tribe and have fun, where as Ralph wants to devote his time and energy to being rescued. The lack of adult leadership allows the boys on the island to make their own decisions and their priorities are get messed up, Ralph is very focused on getting rescued and Jack Just wants to have fun. Ralph carefully instructs Jack to keep the signal fire going so that a rescue ship might see It. When a ship finally passes by,Ralph looks up to see that the signal fire is completely out and there Isn't any smoke for the boat to see, He tells Jack, ââ¬Å"They mightn't seen us. We mightn't gone homeâ⬠(70). Ralph is furious with Jack because he left the fire to go and hunt for wild pegs. Jack doesn't see any problem with letting the fire go out. In Rally's mind, one of the top priorities is getting shelter. He gets furious w hen Jack's choir boys go swimming instead of helping build cover for them. ââ¬Å"We want shelters. The rest of your hunters came back hours ago.They've been Jack doesn't understand the concept to priorities and it shows when he allows his boys to do whatever they please. During the story, the boys begin thirsting for blood after they find hunting wild boars on the island to be exhilarating. At first, the boys just attack a pig, then they progress to kill a boar, and they Just want to kill and kill. They take it so far, that they decapitate a pig's head and skewer It with a sharpened suck. The boys proclaim that it Is ââ¬Å"for the beast. It's a Eventually, one of the boys falls victim to the ailing spree after he is mistaken as a wild pig.The hunters start chanting, ââ¬Å"Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her bloodâ⬠(69). They mercilessly murder Simon. The lack of structure that the Island kids have leads them to become crazy, unethical murderers. The Lord of the Flies sho ws us that to keep us from becoming wild, crazed savages. We need to have structure, whether from adult supervision or a set of laws. The fight for survival can lead us to do things that we never thought we would see, such as ââ¬ËOff anger, thirst tort power, and translation.
Thursday, January 9, 2020
Shortcuts to Technology Essay Samples That Only the Experts Know
Shortcuts to Technology Essay Samples That Only the Experts Know The Argument About Technology Essay Samples It influences minds in positive and negative ways, and it permits people to share information that they would otherwise not have the ability to attain. You are unable to mix information because it is going to lead to confusion. Though there have been complaints, we don't know if there have been numerous complaints from a broad selection of people, or maybe from a couple of individuals who made numerous complaints. It typically takes only 20 minutes to discover the suitable professional for your task. A Secret Weapon for Technology Essay Samples Using it'll spare you the time of needing to find out a new organizational strategy for each essay you write. Writing a computer technology essay will need a lot of knowledge about computers and recent developments in the area. Writing a fantastic essay on technology does not need to be difficult. The matter is the way to compose an information technology essay. When there are two or three minor errors within this excerpt (prehistorical should be prehistoric, completely free thinking ought to be free-thinking), they don't significantly alter the significance of the author's words and therefore don't detract from the total effectiveness of the author's language. The most significant thing about writing an essay given this topic ought to be giving the main benefits of science and technology working hand in hand and precisely what improvements they've helped to bring. Knowing what it is that you're likely to chat about enables you to compose a consistent and convincing essay that readers may enjoy. Continue reading for a discussion of the various ways that this essay meets the requirements for an ideal score. There are a few commonalities across each of the essay prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the fact that each and every task asks you to examine some sort of argument and analyze it. You need to possess knowledge on the matter and also be creative in order to create the essay interesting and convincing. Nowadays you know what it requires to receive an ideal essay score. It's a long flowing outer garment worn over the other clothing. It is an increasing market and a lot of manufacturers are making them now. We can argue with the present form of technology and propose the way that it might be better. In a couple of months, a sheet of technology can be released to the current market and almost immediately rival companies also release theirs. A variety of types of technology require individuals to obtain the necessary expertise to operate or use them. Social media and technology are a wonderful advancement which includes helped manufactured life somewhat simpler. Students are therefore very likely to do a technology in education essay in order to learn how to use technology to add knowledge. One of the most important advantages of information technology is the capacity to stock a lot of information. As discussed, there are a number of cons to technology, but there are a few pro's too. The other method of information technology can enhance your company by improved the quality. Modern-day technologies give fast, simple, and convenient accessibility to solutions for the everyday challenges we face. Technology has been among the most crucial aspects in the human life. It affects people all over the world, both positively and negatively. Information technology can hasten the time that it takes new products to get to the marketplace. It has also changed the way that companies operate internally. 1 field which never appears to be going out of focus is the area of computers. This, consequently, usually guarantees a superior grade from your teacher. There's always something good to discuss when it has to do with technology. A lot of people argue whether technology has an influence on the manner that kids grow up.
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
Essay about Compare and Contrast - 1284 Words
Compare and Contrast (The Snyper amp; The Most Dangerous Game) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The story The Sniper takes place during the civil war in Dublin, where a single sniper waits on a roof top to eliminate any threat from the oposing forces. This story is very tense right from the begining as soon as he noticed the enemys watching him and a bullet comes close to hitting him. This storys opening is one that catches your attention and gets you really focussed on the story. The Most Dangerous Game on the other hand starts out with a reputed hunter falls off the yacht he was on and ends up on an unfamiliar island. In which he finds General Zaroff only then does the good part of the story begin, yes the start of this story was a bitâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦A while has passed and it looks like all the animals on the island have been hunted and killed. General Zaroff then finds Sanger Rainsford washed up onto the island and he thinks, and thinks him to be a very worthy pray. So General Zaroff becomes a people hunter, and Sanger Rainsford become s his victim. In the story The Sniper The main character is the sniper and we only really learn about his character, he is an intelligent man who has superior skills in his field of sniping. We see this after he was hit in his arm and he raises his hat and when the enemy fires at it he lets the hat and his gun fall leading the enemy to belive he was hit. His ability to keep his calm was the main factor in his survival. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Liam OFlaherty uses a lot of description with no direct speech, not even what the sniper is thinking to himself. The story is told in a narative style this give us a more descriptive plot we learn all the details of the story, without any direct speech. The Most Dangerous Game was almost entirly dircet speech, but it still had a lot of despriction, using the narative and direct speech styles we learn more about the characters and their traits. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Sniper had much suspense in it each passing sentence got you more on the eadge of your seat. The biggist suspense scene was when the sniper made the enemy think he was dead, and waiting for the enemy to come up and see his kill. Then after the sniperShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast1441 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Compare/ Contrast Essay First, letââ¬â¢s explain compare and contrast: When we compare, we show our readers a subjects similarities. When we contrast, we show our readers a subjects differences. Compare and Contrast essays are learning-process essays. You learn about your subject as you gather and organize information. This type of essay takes a bit of organization, and its this organizational process, this gathering of facts, that helps you learn as you go. You will create lists of qualitiesRead MoreCompare and Contrast1427 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Compare/ Contrast Essay First, letââ¬â¢s explain compare and contrast: When we compare, we show our readers a subjects similarities. When we contrast, we show our readers a subjects differences. Compare and Contrast essays are learning-process essays. You learn about your subject as you gather and organize information. This type of essay takes a bit of organization, and its this organizational process, this gathering of facts, that helps you learn as you go. You will create listsRead MoreCompare and Contrast1582 Words à |à 7 PagesRunning Head: COMPARE AND CONTRAST Compare and Contrast Self Administered Test Mary Coleman May 12, 2008 PSYU 565 Jeffrey A. Stone, PhD. Chapman University Compare and Contrast Self Administered Test The assignment for this week is to compare and contrast the results from three self administered tests we took in class. 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That being said there has been a strong push for gun control because of the rise of shootings involving a large group of people such as the Columbine massacre, Virginia Tech shooting and latest Aurora movie theater shooting involving people who have purchased firearms legally. Gun control laws in theRead MoreCompare and Contrast2738 Words à |à 11 PagesCompare and Contrast Economic Market Systems In differentiating between market structures one has to compare and contrast public goods, private goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. All of these are major factors that need to be considered. Public goods are those goods in which all of society benefit from and are equally shared among everyone within. These types of goods can be consumed simultaneously by several individuals without diminishing the value of consumption to any individualRead MoreCompare and Contrast2751 Words à |à 12 PagesCompare and Contrast Economic Market Systems In differentiating between market structures one has to compare and contrast public goods, private goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. All of these are major factors that need to be considered. Public goods are those goods in which all of society benefit from and are equally shared among everyone within. These types of goods can be consumed simultaneously by several individuals without diminishing the value of consumption to any individual
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